Socialist groups

... It was impossible to carry on an extensive cultural program. Zionist, Socialist, and Communist activities, which blossomed in Bialystok before the Nazi occupa- tion, now could only be carried on underground, their main purpose opposition to the Nazis. These groups fashioned the beginnings of the later resistance in the Bialystok ghetto and maintained contact with other opposition cadres in the Wilno and Warsaw ghettos. A few individuals — including Pejsach Kaplan, A.S. Herszberg, the historian, and Jehoszua Heszl Klemen- tynowski, founder of the Linas Hatzedek and senior Zionist activist in Bialystok — clandestinely advanced ...