Białystok
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Death of Dr. Zalman Fliate
Dr. Zalman Fliate died at a stated age.
Founding of the Gilorino Theater
The Gilorino Theater was founded.
Death of Maxim Litvinov
Walter Lowe, Ivy's father, died in London.
Interview with Yaakov Valakh
A Polish newspaper journalist interviewed Litvinov’s elder brother, Rabbi Yaakov Valakh, in Warsaw in late 1928.
Outbreak of the war
The author states that war broke out on September 1, 1939.
Expected Soviet Army occupation
Soviet radio announced that the Soviet Army was expected to occupy Bialystok and neighboring territories on September 17; the passage does not confirm completion.
Arrival of Jewish war refugees in Bialystok
Tens of thousands of Jewish war refugees arrived in Bialystok from parts of Poland.
Deportation of non-Jewish Bialystok residents to Siberia
Several thousand non-Jewish Bialystok residents were arrested and sent to Siberia.
Unification of three Jewish orphanages
Three Jewish orphanages were united into one larger institution.
Construction of a three-story building on Yurovtser Street
Lapidus erected a three-story building with shops and apartments on Yurovtser Street.
Triling arrested and deported
The Soviets arrested Triling and sent him away; he later died in prison.
Selection of the Jewish Council
A larger meeting selected a 24-person Jewish council under Nazi orders.
Shooting at Pietrashe
More than one hundred Jews were reportedly shot at Pietrashe by Nazis.
Jewish men and women volunteered for Nazi labor
More than a thousand Jewish men and women worked voluntarily for the Nazis to survive hunger and hardship.
Jewish Council delegation visits commandant
Jewish Council representatives, led by Engineer Barash, visited the Nazi commandant regarding detained people; the commandant said they had been sent to work in Germany.
Deportation of Jews from Bialystok
Nazi perpetrators drove thousands of Jews toward an unknown direction; most did not return.
Creation of a ghetto for Bialystok Jews
Creation of a segregated area in Bialystok where Jews were confined.
Forced relocation into the ghetto
Jews from different parts of the city were ordered to move into the ghetto within three days.
Rosenman resigned practical council functions
Rosenman resigned his practical functions because of age and poor health.
Formation of the Bialystok Jewish Council
A German commander ordered Rabbi Rosenman to assemble a twelve-member council.
Infectious-disease hospital established
A second hospital for infectious patients was established at Yuravtser Street 7.
Opening of an intellectuals’ kitchen
A special kitchen was established for intellectuals under the Jewish council’s direction.
Barracks construction ordered in November 1942
German authorities ordered several dozen barracks to be built in the Bialystok area in November 1942; the construction department carried out the work, but its organizational identity is not explicit.
Soviet attack on Białystok
Soviet forces attacked Białystok at night; bombs destroyed a building and killed 28 Jewish people.
Pesach Kaplan's funeral
A large funeral was arranged for the deceased Pesach Kaplan.
Final liquidation of the Bialystok Ghetto
The ghetto’s final liquidation occurred from 16 to 23 August 1943 amid resistance.
Deportation of approximately one thousand Jews from the Bialystok ghetto
Around one thousand Jews were ordered to leave the ghetto before Rosh Hashanah 1941.
Arrest of the Jewish official
The Gestapo leader arrested the Jewish official after the official refused a demand.
Destruction of the Great Synagogue
The Nazis later destroyed the Great Synagogue, according to the passage.
Arrest and transfer of Dr. Rosenman
A Gestapo unit took Dr. Rosenman, chairman of the Jewish Council, to Gestapo headquarters.
Synagogue burning
The Soviets set fire to a synagogue before leaving Bialystok.
Deportation of evacuated families toward Pruzhany
Evacuated families were assembled at night, placed on transport at Fabrichne Street, and sent to Pruzhany under harsh conditions.
Slonim massacre
A massacre at Slonim reportedly killed ten thousand people on November 14, 1941.
February 1943 evacuation from Bialystok
The passage describes the aftermath of the Pruzhany evacuation; it only situates this discussion after upheaval in Bialystok in February 1943.
Bialystok ghetto uprising
The uprising in the Bialystok ghetto began on 6 August 1943.
German roundups for forced labor
German roundups in city streets drove Jews toward forced labor and led them to seek stable employment.