Białystok
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Jewish girls sent to Wolkowysk
More than three hundred girls were put into wagons and sent to Wolkowysk to dig.
Ghetto exit prohibition
An order prohibited leaving the ghetto under threat of death.
Women recruited for tobacco-factory work
A notice requested two hundred women to work at a tobacco factory outside the ghetto.
Roundup at Kupieczka 49
The Jewish Order Service surrounded a school and dragged out young girls.
Public execution by hanging
A court sentenced accused Jewish workers to death by hanging in a public place.
Children sent to Wołkowysk for work
The Jewish Council reported that children were sent to Wołkowysk for work.
Execution of Jewish victims
German murderers ordered Jewish guards to beat the condemned and hastily carried out the execution.
Organization of a women’s labor group
The Jewish Labor Department organized 60 women to clean snow and mud outside the ghetto.
Liquidation of Yashinovke and Zhanе
The final two provincial Jewish settlements were liquidated at the end of the month.
Ghetto worker registration
The Jewish Council required various workers to register at Yuravtser Street 23.
Warsaw Jewish self-defense battle
Jewish self-defense fought German gendarmes in Warsaw on January 19, 1942.
Warsaw Ghetto uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto uprising is dated April 19, 1943.
Labor assignments listed by the Jewish Council
A labor-office notice listed people summoned or assigned to workplaces in Bialystok; it does not establish that each person worked there.
Foundation of the Mersik-Tamarof Archive
The Mersik-Tamarof Archive was established in November–December 1942 after Tamarof returned from Warsaw; the quoted passage does not establish Bialystok as the place or Mersik as an organizer.
February 1943 murder action
A February 1943 murder action occurred in Bialystok.
Death of Mersik
Mersik died of typhus at midnight on 28 January 1943.
Destruction of the house near Sniadowo
An artillery shell destroyed a house near Sniadowo in 1944.
Archive colleagues deported to Treblinka
The archive colleagues fell there and were taken to Treblinka; Treblinka is the destination, not a participant.
Liberation of Bialystok
Bialystok was liberated in August 1944.
Return to Bialystok
The narrator returned to Bialystok in early August 1944.
Membership in the Voivodeship National Council
The narrator became a member of the Voivodeship National Council after returning.
Collective suicide of three orphaned children
Three orphaned children at an orphanage died by collective suicide.
Pupko’s mother was taken away by murderers
Pupko recalled that murderers took away her mother during the Aktion.
End of the Bialystok ghetto
The Bialystok ghetto ceased to exist in August 1942.
Bialystok ghetto uprising
The passage identifies leaders of the Bialystok ghetto uprising.
Berta Sakolska survived the massacre and war
Berta Sakolska survived the massacre and the war.
Death of Rafael Gutman
Rafael Gutman died in the surgical department of the Jewish Hospital.
Nazi destruction of Jewish life in the Bialystok region
Jewish life in the Bialystok region perished under Hitlerist rule.
Mordechai Tenenboim-Tamaroff arrives in Bialystok
In 1942, Tenenboim arrived in Bialystok from Vilna and Grodno.
Action of February 5, 1943
An unnamed newspaper seller and his wife were murdered during this action.
Special meeting of Jewish Council and officials
A special meeting of Jewish Council members and other officials took place on October 11, 1942.
Deportations of Jewish people from the province
The Nazis deported two hundred thousand Jewish women, children, men, and elderly people.
Execution of Yitzhak Malmed
The Nazis hanged Yitzhak Malmed on Gumienna Street.
February 1943 action in the ghetto
Nazi forces entered the ghetto, surrounded streets, and began a violent operation.
Zvi Wider's suicide
Zvi Wider wrote letters and hanged himself in his residence.
Mass killing at Praga Garden
Men, women, and children were driven to Praga Garden and shot with machine guns.