Wilno ghetto

... None of us believed we would ever leave Stuthof alive. Incredibly, I held out until March 1945. Each day, the other Jewish prisoners and I were sent out to perform slave labor under the strict supervision of Ukrainian and Lithuanian guards with large attack dogs. It would have been impossible to escape even without such vigilance. Stuthof was on an island sur- rounded by water. Often, as I carried out the back- breaking assignments, some of the British and French prisoners of war in the camp would give me extra bread that they had received from the Red Cross. In turn, I threw the bread over the fence into the women’s camp populated by Jewish survivors of the Wilno ghetto. In time, the Nazis removed all the Jews from the Bialystok ghetto to Auschwitz, where they died in the gas chambers. My beloved father was among them. ...