Sokółka
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Parrot
A live parrot displayed on some barrel organs and sometimes collecting money.
Automated mechanism
A device that produced two moving, speaking dolls from some barrel organs.
Military maneuvers
Military maneuvers shaped children’s imagination through stories of cavalry feats.
Nachum the Madman
A town resident known by the nickname “the Madman.”
Itchi the Baker
A baker who described witnessing a drunken man being arrested.
Police station
The station to which arrested drunk people were dragged.
Nohem (Nokhem)
A quiet beggar who was attacked and taunted by children in town.
Sokolka
The town named in a quoted heading or text fragment.
Military barracks
Barracks containing unusual buildings, rehearsal spaces, and a courtyard procession.
City garden
Public celebrations were held in the city garden.
Fire Brigade Band
A band that performed during public celebrations in the city garden.
Polish Independence Day
A Polish holiday celebrated annually on May 3.
Tarbut Hebrew School
A Hebrew school in Sokolka whose students participated in processions and celebrations.
Military barracks near the town
Military barracks near the town, opened to Hebrew-school children during a Polish holiday.
WIZO
A women’s organization referenced as an analogy for Polish women present at the barracks.
Jewish school
The school administration complained to the Polish school administration.
State Polish school
A state Polish school in Sokolka was attended by a few Jewish pupils.
Christian neighborhood
A Christian neighborhood is identified as the place where the youths sought flowers.
Polish residents
Polish residents observed the youths during their activity.
Jacob (Kuba) Riftin
Jacob (Kuba) Riftin is named as participating in Hashomer Hatzair in 1929.
Taz summer camp
A summer camp identified as Taz is captioned with the year 1927.
German school
A German school is mentioned with teacher Katzenbagen.
Talmud
The Talmud was preferred by most residents over devotional religious practice.
Modern Jewish schools
Modern Jewish schools are mentioned as later than traditional heders.
Shimshon Katzenelboigen
Rabbi who headed Sokółka’s yeshiva and taught Torah without payment.
Sokółka Yeshiva
Yeshiva headed by Rabbi Shimshon Katzenelboigen.
Shimshon Katzenelboigen
Rabbi active in Zionism who died shortly before the Germans arrived.
Lovers of Zion
Zionist movement whose emergence prompted his immediate support.
Zionism
A portion of the youth leaned right toward Zionism.
Bundists
Bundists became a minority in the community elections.
Zionists
Zionists received the largest number of votes in the community elections.
Tannery factories
Hundreds of workers in the town worked in tannery factories.
Keren HaGeulah
A fund established during the period of increased Zionist activity.
Eretz Israel
The land described as having a Jewish government.
Tarbut schools
Hebrew schools serving approximately 300 pupils.
H. L. Kaplan
Witness whose testimony describes Sokółka’s final days.