Linas Hatzedek

... It was impossible to carry on an extensive cultural program. Zionist, Socialist, and Communist activities, which blossomed in Bialystok before the Nazi occupa- tion, now could only be carried on underground, their main purpose opposition to the Nazis. These groups fashioned the beginnings of the later resistance in the Bialystok ghetto and maintained contact with other opposition cadres in the Wilno and Warsaw ghettos. A few individuals — including Pejsach Kaplan, A.S. Herszberg, the historian, and Jehoszua Heszl Klemen- tynowski, founder of the Linas Hatzedek and senior Zionist activist in Bialystok — clandestinely advanced ...

ORT, whose trade schools taught useful vocations to Jewish youth as well as to older people; Oze-Toz, which provided medical care and social services for Jewish children; Linas Hatzedek, whose members stayed with sick people in their homes and helped them in every way possible; Linas Cholim, which offered finan- cial. assistance to sick, destitute Jews; Centos which addressed the needs of Jewish orphans; Women’s Pro- tection Association, which gave aid and comfort to Jewish women who were in trouble, provided employ- ment for older women and young girls, offered courses in housework, etc.; Marpei, an organization for disabled Jewish veterans offering medical assistance for them and their families; Gemilus Chasadim, which provided needy Jews with interest-free loans; and Maachal Kasher, an organization that supplied Jewish soldiers and prisoners with kosher food. ...

... organizers of “Linas Hatzedek,” and chief aide of Dr. Chazanowitz. ...