Białystok
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Appointment of A. Barash as industrial leader
A. Barash was appointed leader of the Jewish Council's industry.
Shooting of Bishke and his wife
Journalist Bishke and his wife were shot.
Murder of Jews on Bialystok streets
More than a thousand murdered Jews were left on Bialystok streets.
Death of Pesach Kaplan
Pesach Kaplan died after the massacre, cursing Hitler’s Germany.
February 5 Aktion
An Aktion began on February 5 during which Pesach Kaplan was hiding.
Shooting of 200 Jewish intellectuals
Murderers shot 200 Jewish intellectuals in Petrashe, a village near Bialystok, on July 1, 1941. Petrashe is the location, not the victim.
Murder of 5,000 Białystok Jews
German perpetrators deported 5,000 Białystok Jews to an extermination camp and murdered them.
Establishment of the Białystok ghetto
The Nazis established the Białystok ghetto and confined 60,000 Jews.
Deportation of Bialystok Jews to Pruzhane
German perpetrators sent 6,000 Bialystok Jews to Pruzhane for forced labor.
First liquidation of the Bialystok Ghetto
The first ghetto liquidation sent 12,000 Jews to Treblinka.
Planning the removal of Jews from the Bialystok ghetto
The Jewish Council held a difficult meeting about removing twelve thousand Jews from the ghetto.
Deportation of Bialystok Jews to Pruzhany
The deported Jews were sent to Pruzhany and faced starvation.
Burning of the Great Synagogue
Nazis burned the Great Synagogue on 27 June 1941; about 2,000 Jews were present or affected in the surrounding account, but the passage does not state that they died.
Escape from the Bialystok Ghetto
In late October 1942, an unnamed woman escaped the Bialystok Ghetto, reached Tel Aviv, and recounted the suffering of Bialystok Jews.
Imprisonment in the Gestapo prison
The official spent several months in the Gestapo prison.
Yente Leiserson traveled to Eretz Israel
Yente Leiserson had been to Eretz Israel before the war and was later permitted to travel there with proper papers.
Nazi destruction of Jewish communities
Nazi forces reportedly ended Jewish life in Tykocin, Brest, and other places.
Return of Bialystok residents to their birthplace
Some Bialystok residents returned to their birthplace when conditions warmed.
Return attempts to Bialystok
Some evacuated people attempted to return to Bialystok in spring 1942.
Deportation of Bialystok Jews
Five thousand Bialystok residents were torn from their homeland and transported in autumn 1941.
Evacuation beginning in September 1941
An evacuation began in September 1941 and was later transformed into evacuation of non-workers.
Organization of mass vocational education
The Jewish Council organized mass vocational education in multiple trades.
Mandatory labor reporting order
Men aged 18–55 were ordered to report on October 16, 1941, at the Jewish Council courtyard; the quote does not establish the Council as organizer.
General labor obligation
A labor obligation covered Bialystok District residents aged 15–60.
Order for women’s labor
An order required 200 women to report with cleaning tools for five hours of labor.
Snow-clearing brigades
Special brigades of men and women were created to clear snow outside the ghetto.
Formation of a reserve brigade of women
A reserve brigade of one hundred women was formed under stated food and wage conditions.
Labor discipline report
The German Labor Office reported that Jewish workers violated labor attendance requirements.
Jewish Council labor warning
The Jewish Council warned workers not to leave labor sites without permission.
Organization of Jewish schools
Jewish schools were organized following a Jewish Council notice dated August 29, 1941.
Forced evacuation to Pruzhane
Thousands were forcibly evacuated from Bialystok to Pruzhane.
Jewish Council saved 5,000 residents
The Jewish Council succeeded in saving 5,000 residents.
Jewish Council machinery request
The Jewish Council requested new machines and promised employment to voluntary suppliers.
Closure of Białystok Ghetto Gates
Armed patrols closed the ghetto gates on 2 November 1942.
Daily transports from transit camps
Daily transports carrying Jews departed from several transit camps.
Jewish Council meeting
A Jewish Council meeting on November 8 addressed the ghetto’s uncertain situation.