Skala-Podilska
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Port Arthur Synagogue
Synagogue built during the Russo-Japanese War and resembling a fortress.
Cheders
Traditional schools attended by all children in Skala.
Gymnasia
Secondary schools attended by children of educated families.
Chernivtsi
A city in Bukovina associated with many of the mentioned students.
Tannenblatt
A teacher whose instruction helped attract many students to the Tarbut school.
God, Man and Devil
A drama remembered as a successful amateur performance by Skala natives.
Skala City Council
The city council in which Skala Jews held substantial representation.
Wolf Itzik Freifelder
A Jewish municipal official admired by Jewish and non-Jewish colleagues.
Kopychyntsi
Deportees from Skala were taken there after reaching Chortkiv.
Cossacks
Cossacks accompanied the deportees and mistreated people on the march.
Russian administration
Russian officials governed Skala under civilian rule after occupation.
Odessa
Central Powers forces advanced across Ukraine to Odessa during the war.
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire is mentioned as the empire whose capital was Vienna.
Ukrainian Democratic Republic
A Ukrainian democratic republic was initially established in Galicia after World War I.
Petliura's bands
Petliura's bands attacked Jews in Skala.
Eastern Ukraine
Eastern Ukraine is referenced as a region where violence was more severe.
Drohobych–Boryslav
The passage identifies the area associated with oil mines and trade.
Red Army
The Red Army captured the area in 1920.
Revolutionary Committee
A revolutionary committee was established in Skala under Bolshevik rule.
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks severely harmed Jewish businesses and livelihoods.
Polish Army
Polish soldiers attacked Jews during the first period of Polish rule.
General Józef Haller
General Józef Haller is identified in connection with Polish military forces.
Olashkovtse (Lashkevitz)
Town hosting a large annual fair attended by Skala merchants.
Wednesday weekly fair
A weekly fair brought thousands of peasants from surrounding villages.
Annual Olashkovtse fair
A large annual fair in Olashkovtse attracted prominent Skala merchants.
Borshchov
District city served by Jewish coachmen from the town.
community office
Officials served as secretaries and accountants in the community office.
Poland
Polish authorities and the population displayed anti-Jewish policies and antisemitism.
Grabski
The passage dates antisemitic manifestations from the Grabski period onward.
Pulaski Elementary School
The town’s only elementary school, attended by Jewish children.
Tarbut Hebrew School
A Hebrew school with kindergarten and advanced classes for more educated families.
People’s House
A three-story building housing the school and established in 1920.
Chaim Ruiz
A prominent educator, revered by hundreds of students and respected by the public.
Lederman
One of the good teachers at the school.
Ochsenhorn
One of the good teachers at the school.
Taper
One of the good teachers at the school.